What is Keatss attitude towards love and philosophy Essay Example For Students

What is Keatss mentality towards affection and theory? Exposition In one sonnet he communicates his yearning for verse of sensations instead of considerations, yet in a letter he respects Wordsworths capacity to investigate those dim sections of puzzle insightfully. Due to the conspicuous inconsistency, it is evident that his philosophical appraisal of verse was not fixed. Keats refined his graceful way of thinking in development. To oblige his developing enthusiasm for theory and self-personality. To put it plainly, his disposition to towards theory was an each evolving one. Similarly as the requirement for alterability turns into a basic piece of Keatss inevitable confidence in deliberate development, as does his mentality towards theory. Keats see on adoration is a lot of like his demeanor towards theory in its inner conflict and it is this vulnerability that is frequently the subject of a considerable lot of his sonnets. Keats every now and again utilizes an experience with a female figure to speak to visionary experience, be that as it may, his most profound nerves are likewise uncovered through his contention with power implied by the female structure. The manner by which Keats decides to portray the female figures in his verse would propose both fascination and anxiety, he utilizes words, for example, excite and catch. Regularly Keatss creative mind centers around sexual experiences with a sexy goddess or sprite. Be that as it may, in The Fall of Hyperion the goddess turns into a desexualised and coldblooded animal. This confounds us the peruser regarding what see Keatss has about affection, is it at that point love or essentially physical fascination. It might be contended that Keatss is basic advancing the regular high and mighty perspective on the time after all Keatss is cited to have said that he didn't need women to peruse his verse, he composed for men. Love plays a wide range of jobs in Keatss verse, for instance in La Belle Dame sans Merci, love is viewed as unsafe. The story, an alluring story where misleading ladies who entice men from this present reality and afterward leave them, their fantasies unfulfilled and their lives scourged. Elective translations have proposed that it is about the squandering intensity of sexual love. In many translations, love is viewed as damaging, things being what they are, is this Keatss see? His last sonnets would propose so. This view is strengthened in his sonnet, On plunking down to Read King Lear indeed, he depicts the reasonable plumed Syren. While Keats discovers her appealing and enchanting, he likewise perceives her threats and restrictions. Here sentiment and love has been feminized, which would recommend that it is ladies that he fears instead of adoration itself. In his sonnet, On plunking down to Read King Lear by and by, Keats is by all accounts diverting route from sentiment and love; preferring catastrophe, regardless of having composed Endymion a wonderful sentiment, just a year sooner. Along these lines, one could contend that Keats felt that the best way to promote his profession and be known for his craft was to expound on disaster and the agonies of the world, which incorporate the conceivable mischief and pulverization that can emerge out of affection. Be that as it may, this was not really his disposition towards affection. The irresoluteness of his disposition towards adoration, is exhibited in his sonnet Lamia. One could contend that the elements of this sonnet represents Keats general perspective on affection. The story starts with adoration and closures with disaster potentially implying Keats excursion of investigation of affection. The sonnet starts by portraying the fervor of affection, the words she spake came, as through gurgling nectar, recommending the invigoration and force that adoration can give. In any case, this adoration changes into deadly love causing torment, pale with torment, the merciless woman. The woman who caused energy and rush toward the start of the sonnet is presently observed as pitiless and alluring, and as he from one stupor was arousing into another, she start to sing. Here the idea of affection is continually changing, perhaps in line with the importance of adoration Keats decides to hold. Keats mentality to both love and reasoning are irresolute. Love specifically is available to the perusers own translation and comprehension of the sonnets. .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .postImageUrl , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:hover , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:visited , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:active { border:0!important; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:active , .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:hover { mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-adornment: underline; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe range: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-beautification: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud1ec272b50 8b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud1ec272b508b2e07a10b04bc6f8792ef:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: I need to accept to a memory and love EssayOne could contend that Keats stays incredulous about affection however never precludes everything together. In any case, it might likewise be contended that Keats turns into an enemy of sentimental and has an extremely negative mentality towards affection. Keatss idyllic way of thinking contains numerous logical inconsistencies and ambiguities similarly as his view on affection. It is evident from perusing his verse that the two his philosophical appraisal of verse and disposition towards adoration were continually experiencing change, so it is difficult to sum up his continually cha nging to demeanor into basic terms.

Cultural Assessment - Sweden Essay Example for Free

Social Assessment Sweden Essay Culture is a powerful structure of practices, thoughts, perspectives, values, propensities, convictions, customs, dialects, ceremonies, functions, and practices that are remarkable to a specific gathering of individuals. I see incredible incentive in finding out about various societies and about social assorted variety, including a more extensive viewpoint of others, upgraded critical thinking capacity and inventiveness, and potential improved profitability in my future working environments. For this task, I have decided to do a social evaluation of the Swedish Culture. Doing so has widened my comprehension of the Sweden’s social points of view and will help in connecting social holes with future Swedish customers. I trust this will assist me with turning into an all the more socially equipped medical attendant and help me in giving ideal, worldwide human services in a general public which is developing increasingly more socially/ethnically differing. I know direct that variety occurs inside each social gathering, and there is an inclination to expect that all individuals from a distinguished gathering are the equivalent. Sweden, a nation that once reflected just a solitary or maybe a couple of ethnic gatherings currently involves in excess of 100 distinctive ethnic gatherings so for the reasons for this paper, I will expound on the Swedish culture all in all. Sweden is a nation on the Scandinavian landmass in Northern Europe, with it’s capital being Stockholm. It is fourth in size among the European provinces, with about 15% of its all out region arranged north of the Arctic Circle. You would imagine that the climate in Sweden would be colder year long due to it’s longitude yet the normal Stockholm’s normal temperature is 20-65 degrees Fahrenheit all year. Sweden has an all out populace of around 9. 4 million individuals starting at 2009 with most of inhabitants living in urban territories. Sweden’s capital city, Stockholm, had a populace of 1,697,000 of every 2005. From 1865 to 1930, almost 1,400,000 Swedes, emigrated; over 80% went to the United States, and about 15% to other near to nations. This overwhelming relocation finished in the mid-1900s when asset advancement in Sweden began to stay up with populace development. Since the mid 1970s, there has been a surge of movement to Sweden, for the most part because of exile relocation and family reunification from nations in the Middle East, Africa and Latin America. To the extent social cosmetics, the Swedes are fundamentally Finish, Scandinavians or of German birthplace. The rest of the populace is involved workers, including Danes, Poles, Iraqis, Iranians, Norwegians, Greeks, and Turks. Swedish is the national language in Sweden. It comprises of similar letters of the English letter set notwithstanding an, an, and o. Numerous Swedes talk and get English and German, and to a lesser degree, Finnish. English has been an obligatory subject for every single Swedish understudy since the late 1940s. Swedens top notch logical, correspondence and mechanical advancement is eminent all through the world. The World Economic Forum 2009â€2010 seriousness list positions Sweden the fourth most serious economy on the planet. Three of Swedens biggest modern partnerships are building organizations: L. M. Ericsson, Volvo, and SAAB-Scania. Ericsson, one of the biggest telecom organizations on the planet was begun by Lars Ericsson of Sweden. Innovation is common all over Sweden. Swedes are acclimated with imparting through a similar innovation that is accessible in the United States. Swedes convey by means of. mobile phones, web, media, and print. To the extent family jobs and association inside Swedish culture, human rights and equity are profoundly regarded in Sweden. Sweden is one of the most libertarian social orders on the planet. Family life is significant in average Swedish families, however family structure is various and offers contrasting ways of life and convictions starting with one family then onto the next. In a regular family, the two guardians work. Family unit errands are generally justly partitioned among Swedish relatives, paying little heed to customary female and male jobs and age. Swedish houses will in general be little and clean. Common regard among youngsters and grown-ups is supported at an early age. In excess of 5 percent of the Swedish populace are matured 80 or over. Numerous old individuals in Sweden are healthy and have dynamic existences. Generally live in their own homes by decision, and can do so on account of open help as home feast conveyance, help with cleaning and shopping, transportation and medicinal services when required. Wellbeing and social consideration for the old establishes a significant piece of Swedish government assistance strategy. Most old consideration is subsidized by metropolitan assessments and government awards. Sweden puts a greater amount of its GDP in thinking about its old than some other nation on the planet. Every Swedish inhabitant are qualified for an ensured least annuity from the age of 65, the standard retirement age in Sweden. In the Swedish medicinal services framework, duty regarding wellbeing and clinical consideration is shared by the focal government, province boards and regions. Sweden is partitioned into 290 districts, 18 area gatherings and two locales. Around 90 percent of the Swedish region councils’ work includes medicinal services, yet they are additionally engaged with different regions, for example, culture and foundation. Obligation regarding giving medicinal services is decentralized to the area gatherings. I discovered that region chambers are political bodies whose agents are chosen by their inhabitants at regular intervals. Each region board must furnish the populace with - quality wellbeing and clinical consideration, and work toward advancing great wellbeing for the whole populace. Region committees are additionally liable for dental consideration for nearby inhabitants up to the age of 20. Swedish individuals have free decision in medicinal services meaning they can get care in any of the 60 clinics in Sweden that give authority care, with crisis administrations 24 hours per day. Eight of these are territorial medical clinics where exceptionally specific consideration is offered and where most educating and research is based. What’s extraordinary is everybody in Sweden has equivalent access to social insurance benefits; The Swedish medicinal services framework is citizen subsidized. As per the Swedish Institute for Communicable Disease Control, a Swedish government master office, Sweden is moderately very much shielded from the spread of transmittable sicknesses. Great sterile conditions win among Swedish society and general wellbeing is very much evolved. Clinical advancement and deterrent measures shield the Swedish populace from contaminations that, in different nations of the world, may cause huge scope calamities. Sweden keeps on inoculating, follow contaminations, battle flare-ups, and take part in inquire about on sicknesses. Sweden in general, keeps up a significant level of readiness so as to forestall malady, and avian flu from increasing a toehold in Sweden. Future in Sweden keeps on rising. In 2008, it was 79 years for men and 83 years for ladies. Sweden alongside Italy has Europe’s biggest old populace as an extent of the national aggregate. As indicated by www. sweden. se, Sweden’s social insurance framework performs well in correlation with different nations at a comparable degree of advancement.

IBM’s Multicultural Multinational Teams Essay

At the point when somebody thinks about a settled and customary organization, they may consider IBM. IBM is notable for its composed and unwritten standards. IBM likes to concentrate on singular advancements and accomplishment and the desire for lifetime administration at the organization. Be that as it may, circumstances are different nowadays. The company’s new spotlight is on cooperation. The aggregate sum of hours that IBM dedicated to the board time for group ventures is a good thought and has demonstrated that groups can improve an organization to improve things. Their HR office worked admirably in committing those hours to group ventures. The groups of representatives that IBM sends abroad will bring them new customers however will likewise extends the open door for new customers through helping different organizations or associations. By creating groups, IBM will have the option to set up a very solid and changed group. The groups can upset up with any culture and take care of business effectively. By creating groups IBM will get a pioneer or issue solver, the colleagues can cooperate universally and get delicate to another culture and their conventions or customs, it will fabricate trust and comprehension among the colleagues to finish a task, and any experience group can bolster a group that doesn't have a pioneer or somebody who is a full of feeling communicator. Working in groups will profit both IBM and the representatives. IBM’s culture needed to switch to stay aware of society and the evolving times. Not exclusively will that yet group centered organizations have abilities assortment, decent variety, a typical reason and objective. In this way, basically organizations that are center around groups as opposed to singular work are better organizations. There are five phases to shaping a viable group. These creating steps are shaping, raging, and norming, performing and dismissing. The primary stage, framing is the point at which the colleagues will get together to meet each other expertly and find out about objectives and any data that the supervisors have given to support them. The subsequent stage, raging is the unfavorable periods of the gathering stop progress. This stage is when individuals from the gathering may get reluctant to submit to the principles and guidelines that where settled after during the shaping stage. In certain occasions, the executives may need to set in and resolve the issue. The third stage is norming, in which contradictions are settled Rules, guidelines and administration may have been changed to all the more likely suit the gathering. During this stage progressively valuable work and task finish may occur. The fourth stage is playing out; this is the point at which the gathering is at the highest point of execution.

Leadership and Strategy Plan Research Assignment - 3025 Words

Leadership and Strategy Plan Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Leadership and Strategy PlanNameInstitutional Leadership and Strategy PlanIntroductionDiabetes is one of the most critical diseases that the community is dealing with. Everyone in the community is susceptible to the disease and the impacts that it has on ones health. It is made up of several varieties: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (Gardner, Shoback Greenspan, 2011). Diabetes is a major cause of limb amputation, stroke, blindness, and in extreme cases premature death (WHO, 2014). It also reduces the life expectancy in a community. The community also suffers indirectly due to diabetes. There is a reduced production in the labor force due to sickness, disabilities, early retirement, and death. Therefore, diabetes is a public health issue that should be dealt with, and one of the ways to do this is to develop a leadership and strategy plan to help reduce the effects of diabetes and its incidences in the general population. The focus will be on type 2 diabete s accounting for 90% of diabetes incidences (Marx, 2009) and which can be preventable. Despite having no control over age, and family history, employing healthy habits can go a long way in preventing this variety of diabetes. With the slightest change in diet and physical activity, long-term benefits can be achieved for an individual, and the whole community at large. By increasing the awareness of the importance brought by changing our lifestyles, and increasing the social and environmental changes required for these lifestyle changes, the pressure of diabetes can be reduced in the community, and in the process promoting health, and saving lives. Diabetes: A global ChallengeRelying on statistics collected by 2015, it is approximated that 415 million people have diabetes globally (International Diabetes Federation, 2015). According to Melmed Williams (2011), of these cases, 90% are cases of type 2 diabetes (Shi Frank, 2014). This means that about 8.3% of the adult population are c urrently living with diabetes. The rates are equally shared in both genders (Vos et al, 2012). According to the World Health Organization, diabetes leads to 1.5-5.0 million deaths annually. Due to the poor lifestyles being lived by people, the numbers are expected to go up (IDF, 2014). Once infected by the Disease, a persons chance of living reduces by half (WHO, 2013). This high prevalence of diabetes in the world has had an economic cost of about $612million (IDF Diabetes Atlas, 2013). Due to the fact that people feel normal after getting the disease, its detection is only made once these people develop complications (Kumar Shaik, 2015). Late diagnosis has a myriad of effects. There is delayed treatment, and once treatment starts, it can be less effective than it would have been if the disease was detected in its early stages. Given the right tools for motivation and support of lifestyle changes, the disease can be managed. In this community, there are few health programs that a re enhancing public awareness about ways by which to protect themselves from diabetes (Evans, 2014). Despite these move that create awareness about the disease, proven effective lifestyle changes (Fittante, 2008), advances in treatments, and programs for preventing complications, some people in the community are still unconvinced, or unaware of the diseases seriousness (McDowell, Matthews, Brown, 2007). This type of diabetes is not managed aggressively hence people diagnosed with the disease are hesitant to change their lifestyles despite advances in research such as new drug therapies. To develop a strategy to combat this disease, a good leadership plan needs to be implemented that with aid in the deployment of the strategy devised to combat the disease. The best way to do this is to use the objectives designed in Healthy People 2020. The goal of Healthy People 2020 is to reduce the disease occurrence and economic burden it causes. In doing this, the quality of life for all people is improved, including people currently living with the disease, or those at risk of infection. Healthy People 2020 ObjectivesHealthy People 2020 has several objectives in regards to diabetes. The first objective is to reduce the number of new cases in the population each year. The target is to reduce new cases from 8.0 per 1000 to 7.2 per 1000 which is a 10% improvement. Healthy people also wants to reduce in people living with diabetes lower extremity amputations. Another objective is to increase the number of people living with diabetes who only have one dental examination, one dilated eye exam, and only one foot exam each year. The proportion of people living with the disease and only have two glycosylated hemoglobin every year needs to be increased. It also aims an increasing adult proportions living with diabetes and perform their own glucose monitoring at least once each day. Another objective is to increase in people living with diabetes the number of those getting formal d iabetes education. It also aims at increasing the number of diagnosed conditions of people living with diabetes. Lastly, Healthy People 2020 aims at increasing numbers of those considered as having a high risk for getting diabetes infection with pre-diabetes, and report on increasing physical activity levels. SWOT AnalysisIt is imperative that healthcare organization continually initiates changes that are aimed at enhancing optimal functionality. The SWOT analysis is a critical tool that needs to be used to gauge performance and productivity of the initiatives. It should be understood that SWOT analysis is a precursor for effective implementation of the strategic plans. The execution of the strategic plan require experts to assess their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat. The main focus of SWOT analysis is enhancing the balance between external environment and time. The analysis will address the relationships, characteristics, and synergies among the external and intern al variables of diabetes control program. StrengthsCompetent medical personnelStrong resolve to community missionExceptional hospital facilitiesQuality healthcareBetter organization efficiency WeaknessesUnavailability of resourcesShortage of specialized employeesLack of well-established care networkOpportunitiesIncrease in number of community based businessesExpanding metropolitan communityIncreased community healthcare programsThreatsIncreased competition for specialized medical staffReduced government commitmentGrowing competition from other healthcare provider network The current factors that we emphasize on includes getting competent medical personnel to help in sensitizing the community on the effects and preventive ways of diabetes. The community requires awareness from professionals. We believe that the personnel that we shall recruit will be able to develop essential awareness campaign to eradicate the problem of diabetes. It is imperative that the medical personnel de velops commitment to enhance community based missions that seeks to enhance the lives of people. The region have state-of-the-art medical facilities, which will make sure that patients suffering from diabetes have healthcare services. The competent employees will guarantee that there is organization efficiency. The weaknesses that we seek to explore includes enhancing proper community to reduce disruptions, inefficiency, and enhance continuity. Lack of resources, management training, and organization structure shall be explored to make sure that the program is effective and meets its target. The program of eliminating diabetes requires that we take advantages of opportunities such as increasing number of people in metropolitan. It is easy to create awareness in cities owing to existing infrastructure such as advertising platforms. It is easy to organize for seminars and conferences to address the issue in metropolitan areas owing to huge concentration of people. The enhanced collabo ration of community based initiatives for healthcare delivery networks. The integrated initiatives are essential in influencing the policy in healthcare provision. Lastly, the plan shall examine the threats such as increased competition for specialized medical practitioners. We shall seek assistance to assemble an effective and specialized personnel. The increasing budget deficits will be addressed to enhance the commitment of government.Leadership stylesArnold et al (2015) say that organization health is critical to making it different and competitive in the dynamic business environment. Cohesive and collaborative leadership team is critical to making sure that the organization realizes its objectives. To integrate collaboration and cohesiveness, I will make sure that there is trust between one another. Each member should be able to admit their mistakes and seek means of solving their differences. This will make the employees support the weakness of their colleagues (ONeill, 2006). Diverse opinions are welcomed for debates on merits and shouldn't be based on personal desires and preferences. In essence, healthy differences and conflicts are welcomed in enhancing cohesiveness. The sense of belonging and oneness will be felt when each person feel that their opinion is respected. The unity should be based on openness and trust among the members. An effective leader needs to develop a strong cultural competence and emotional intelligence. The essence of leadership in an organization is to inspire, motivate, and promote the values of the organization. The responsibility of the leader is to trigger performance by influencing and leading the enhancement of the shared vision, values, and expectations. Leaders were said to have the traits such as purpose, confidence, ethical fitness, courage, and capacity to prioritize.Situational...

How pornography and sexual abuse can affect intimate relationships - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1935 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? To date even the courts with their immense potential are not in a position to define what pornography is. For this reason, different persons and groups have found their ways of describing acts that comprise porn. It is widely accepted, however, that pornography is portraying sexual subject matter with the purpose of arousing or satisfying one’s sexual desires. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How pornography and sexual abuse can affect intimate relationships" essay for you Create order It can be in the form of print media or online material, amongst many other forms. Almost similarly, sexual abuse, refers to the undesired sexual behavior or sexual molestation that one person performs to the other with an element of unwillingness. This kind of molestation can either be short term or frequent depending on the period taken by the abuser. It is true that exposure to a pornographic material may result in sexual abuse especially when the involved partner wants to try out the styles they have learned from their interaction with porn. It is psychologically proven that people would always want to try out new tricks they have learned. Activating the arousal sequence in humans will most likely influence their sexual behavior. When the exposure series continues, it becomes a preferred habit and may sometimes have far reaching impacts on the persons involved. Engagement with pornography has become one of the most rampant behaviors in the world today. That which was good and right about sex has been replaced with lust and covetousness. Even the Bible agrees that this lust can only be the first step to a very rough road in life. It only starts with porn but with time the people get involved with other kinds of sexual immorality.   The Holy Book compares it to drug abuse since pornography can also be very addictive as the concerned partner wants more of it to fulfill their sexual desires. The Bible recognizes that the three kinds of sin are the yearning for the flesh, the desire of the eyes and the arrogance of life.   Pornography is what characteristically fits into the three types sins talked about by the scripture. Apart from porn just being addictive, it is also very destructive especially when it comes to families. This paper looks to analyze how porn has resulted in destroying intimate relationships. When people get devoted to porn ographic material for some time without seeking or getting any help, they are likely to destroy their lives and families.   For this reason, people should learn to keep their bodies holy and understand the proper meaning of sex. By knowing this, they will understand that sex, of whatever kind, is only to be performed with one spouse who should be enough to meet their needs.[2:   Romans 6:19]   [3: Ibid]   [4:   (1 John 2:16]   [5: Slattery, Juli. No More Headaches: Enjoying Sex Intimacy in Marriage. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2011.]   [6: Ibid ] Pornography and sexual abuse have impacted significantly on the intimacy of relationships for a long time now. Many people both men and women in the world today have turned to engaging pornography. It is estimated that about 40 million Americans, a third of whom are female visit internet sites regularly to view pornographic content.   Meaning that the previous notion that pornography is only prevalent only among the male gender is wrong. It is a habit that continues to erode not only the physical aspect of intimate relationships but also the emotional bit. When one partner discovers that their partner is involved in any way with sexually explicit material, it is so much saddening to them. [7:   Olmstead, Spencer B., Sesen Negash, Kay Pasley, and Frank D. Fincham. Emerging adults’ expectations for pornography use in the context of future committed romantic relationships: A qualitative study. Archives of Sexual Behavior 42, no. 4 (2013): 625-635. In the wake the technological advancement, most people especially the youth have resorted to finding their answers online. Social media has become the order of the day.   The young people both boys and girls are deriving examples from the media. Studies show that people in marriage have accused their partners of objectifying them during sex so as to behave like porn stars. This is one of the habits picked from engagements with porn. Still, some partners have been forced to perform acts they do not think are a fair way of doing sex. They are forced to comply only because they want to please their partners even though they might be experiencing pain and suffering. This example shows how the viewing of pornography translates into sexual abuse on sexual partners. [8: ]   [9: 7 Gwinn, Andrea Marlea, Nathaniel M. Lambert, Frank D. Fincham, and Jon K. Maner. Pornography, relationship alternatives, and intimate extradyadic behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no. 6 ( 2013): 699-704] The thought of having another partner, albeit in fantasy translates into actual cheating with time. At first, a partner may just be exposed to sexually implicit material for pleasure, but with time, they are likely to find themselves engaging in serious dishonest behaviors like cheating to fulfill their desire. Dishonesty in relationships may lead to break up regardless of how close the two partners are to each other. The desire to look for another sexual partner may be amplified by the fact that in porn materials, the actors find more pleasure by engaging in sexual acts with either many partners or using some styles that are not so traditional. Some people are appealed more by multiple sexual partners. Research indicates that people who report watching porn regularly are highly likely to have alternative sexual partners than those who do not engage in porn. However, this is not to mean that everyone who cheats in a relationship is not satisfied sexually. Rather, such persons may jus t be tempted because they want to try out things they have watched online. Therefore, it is arguably true to say that exposure to pornography is a great indicator of infidelity. [10: Staley, Cameron, and Nicole Prause. Erotica viewing effects on intimate relationships and self/partner evaluations. Archives of sexual behavior 42, no. 4 (2013): 615-624.]   [11:   Staley, Cameron, and Nicole Prause. Erotica viewing effects on intimate relationships and self/partner evaluations. Archives of sexual behavior 42, no. 4 (2013): 615-624.]   [12: Slattery, Juli. No More Headaches: Enjoying Sex Intimacy in Marriage. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2011.]   [13: Ibid ] According to marriage counselors, real relationships are built on trust. To be intimate with somebody means that one becomes very susceptible. Thus, it is only trust that can give a guarantee that one’s intimate partner can stay respectful and honest albeit the susceptibility. Inviting other people into one’s life despite the fact that they already have a partner breaks the trust. The invitation whether in real life or through imaginations can send one to view pornographic material. It means that a stranger has been invited into the realm that is otherwise supposed to be reserved exclusively for intimate partners. It is a violation of the relationship considering the fact that broken trust takes a lot of time to rebuild. Nonetheless, in other instances the trust may not even be rebuilt at all. [14:   Gwinn, Andrea Marlea, Nathaniel M. Lambert, Frank D. Fincham, and Jon K. Maner. Pornography, relationship alternatives, and intimate extradyadic behavior. Social Psycholo gical and Personality Science 4, no. 6 (2013): 699-704]   [15:   Staley, Cameron, and Nicole Prause. Erotica viewing effects on intimate relationships and self/partner evaluations. Archives of sexual behavior 42, no. 4 (2013): 615-624.] Pornography increases sexual excitement than normal sex and in the process giving room to a sexual partner to engage in sex according to their terms. People who have interacted with porn are well aware that it is always available and tempting for that matter. As long as they want to have intercourse, they do not need to be patient. Neither does such sex require foreplay. This type of intercourse is dependent on and revolves around the immediate sexual demands. A relationship that is built around pornography does not usually look into issues of intimacy as most marital problems are disregarded by the partners since they ae not as attractive. It becomes a bigger problem when one partner has a higher sex drive than the other which is very normal in relationships today. The partner who does not serve to fulfill the sexual desires of their partner feels like a failure thus may have a reduced self-esteem.   Because of the fear of being the loser in such a relationship, that partner may s tart pulling away from family affairs. Eventually, what began as just a small sexual problem, escalates into a severe marital affair and in some cases may even lead to separation. However such instances should be looked into keenly since problems like low sex drive are unavoidable. To evade setbacks in intimacy, the couple should understand one another without external interference from materials like pornography. [16: Gwinn, Andrea Marlea, Nathaniel M. Lambert, Frank D. Fincham, and Jon K. Maner. Pornography, relationship alternatives, and intimate extradyadic behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no. 6 (2013).]   [17: Slattery, Juli. No More Headaches: Enjoying Sex Intimacy in Marriage. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc., 2011.]   [18:   Gwinn, Andrea Marlea, Nathaniel M. Lambert, Frank D. Fincham, and Jon K. Maner. Pornography, relationship alternatives, and intimate extradyadic behavior. Social Psychological and Personality Science 4, no. 6 (2013)] Contact with pornographic materials reduces the level of commitment in an intimate relationship. Any interaction with porn may serve to remind one of the‘amazing’ sexual partners out there. In return, it reduces the dedication they have to their current partners. For instance, every time the two are involved in intercourse, they are tempted to replace the real partner with the fantasy one they watched online. Statistics show that consumption of pornography reduces significantly the level of commitment of people in a relationship in both genders.   It is worrying that some people would be willing to give up food if given the opportunity to choose between food and porn. Also, pornography alters the commitment since it creates a false expectation from the partners. Further, it creates an impression that is not entirely accurate about how the body should behave during sex. Normal sex should be is self-satisfying, but on the contrary, porn is self-gratifying meaning sometim es it may involve abusing another partner sexually. Consuming explicit sexual material also increases massively the chances of one partner flirting outside their relationship. It is from such flirting that cheating is born. Thus, the only best option is to abstain from pornography as the couple stands a great chance of staying committed to one another. In my conclusion, therefore, it is general knowledge that the rate of pornographic involvement in the world today has risen worryingly. The problem is not just the rising levels but rather the far-reaching consequences that it has on intimate relationships. Engagement in porn is responsible for the breakup or separation of most marriages. Reflection From my understanding, one of the serious repercussions of getting exposed to porn is that it reduces drastically the commitment of a partner in their relationship. Further, I have learned from my studies that porn breeds the idea of dishonesty among sexual partners. The level of trust among them reduces considerably because one partner feels that the other one must have lost interest in them. Finally and most significant of my research, is that porn has led to sexual abuse of some partners. I realize that since one partner is exposed to porn material, they develop the desire to put into practice what they have learned. Without the knowledge that the porn sex usually gives a false impression of what normal sex is, they end up forcing their partners into uncomfortable sexual intercourse just to meet their demands. I therefore wish to advise that for people to be on the safe side whether in a relationship or not, they should avoid at all cost getting exposed to sexually implicit materi al.

Christopher Columbus Motivations to Sail West for the...

Christopher Columbus Motivations to Sail West for the Indies Christopher Columbus lived in an age of Moslem expansion in the east. With the fall of Constantinople in 1453, direct land routes to the Indies were closed to European merchants and traders, thus creating the need to find a sea route to the Indies. Portugal had spent years sailing the coast of Africa to reach the Indies, but Columbus thought he had a better way: sailing west. With the defeat of the Moors in 1492 Queen Isabella of Spain was willing to consider to Columbus proposal to sail west. The motivations of Columbus sailing west to the Indies, whether economic, spiritual or personal, were all based on ancient authorities, writings and personal beliefs. Columbus†¦show more content†¦Columbus Enterprise of the Indies. Columbus developed his theory of sailing west to the Indies after considerable time as a sailor. He had sailed down the coast of Africa and believed sailing west would be faster. He based this on the writings of Aristotle, Ptolemy, Marinus of Tyre, Marco Polos Travel, Cardinal Pierre dAillys Imago Mundi, Historia Rerum by Pope Pius II, Plinys Natural History, and the Bible. Marco Polo intrigues Columbus, especially with his description of Cipangu or Zipangu (Japan) which he claimed was situated 1500 miles off the coast of China. In his description Marco Polo mentions the many riches of the Japanese, especially gold. He stated: The extraordinary richness of the sovereigns palace . . . is a wonderful sight. The entire roof is covered with a plating of gold. . . . The ceilings of the halls are of the same precious metal; many of the apartments have small tables of pure gold, of considerable thickness; and the windows also have golden ornaments. . . . In this island there are pearls also, in large quan- tities, of a pink colour, round in shape, and of great size equal in value to, or even exceeding that of the white pearl. 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With the help of the Spanish government, Columbus was granted withRead MoreFactors Which Stimulated Atlantic Maritime Exploration in 15th Century2074 Words   |  9 Pagesexploration in 15th century During the period of time 1400-1499 great gains were made by the Europeans in their quest for knowledge of the world they lived in. In this time period the Europeans circum-navigated Africa, located the territories of the West Indies and basically redrew the map of the world. All these things had one thing in common; they were the result of extensive Atlantic maritime exploration. The reasons that European engaged in such aggressive exploration in 15th century can be attributedRead MoreFactors Which Stimulated Atlantic Maritime Exploration in 15th Century2082 Words   |  9 Pagesin 15th century During the period of time 1400-1499 great gains were made by the Europeans in their quest for knowledge of the world they lived in. 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The Englishman, Walter Raleigh, stated that his purpose for the exploration of El Dorado was â€Å"to seek new world, forRead MoreMarco Polos Influence on Christopher Columbus...2145 Words   |  9 Pagesperception of the Eastern world, a world just as advanced and sophisticated as that of the West. Yet, another two centuries were needed for a significant change to take place; this was Christopher Columbus voyage. For Christopher Columbus, Marco Polos travelogue was a valuable and solid resource that contained the necessary details of the East. The geographical descriptions in his writing generated a basis for Columbus scientific calculations for his expedition and the explicit depictions of the luxuryRead More Lies My Teacher Told Me by James W. Loewen Essay1948 Words   |  8 Pagesperfect creatures without conflicts, pain, c reditability, or human interest(Lies p.9). Several examples, including the lions from our history, in Pageant include Christopher Columbus, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln, and Woodrow Wilson. Others are defamed, like Stephen A. Douglas, and John Brown. In Pageant Christopher Columbus is one of the first people named as relevant to our history. He is built up as a hero, with words such as a man of vision, energy, resourcefulness, and courageRead MoreColonization of the New World3463 Words   |  14 Pagesimpossible to understand today without at least some comprehension of the why s of yesterday. What was it that drove such a myriad of people to risk so much to tame the wild and vast lands we now know as and call the Americas. What were the reasons, motivations, causes, events, and possibilities that captured the minds and hearts of so many different peoples from such divers backgrounds? 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Critical Elections and Congressional Policy Making-Free Samples

Question: What does the 2011 and 2013 Congressional debate over raising the federal debt ceiling indicate about the Congressional budget process and the nature of American politics and government? Answer: The relation between the Congressional Debate in 2011 and 2013 pertaining to increase in federal debt ceiling and the Congressional budget process can be comprehended in-depth through a review of the role of Congress on the decisions of the President of the United States of America and the Courts. The behavior of American politics and the effect of the government structure are clearly observable in times of crisis (Brady 1988). Therefore an evaluation of the federal budget process as well as the impacts of the debt ceiling debate would help in determining the answer to the forum question (Mann and Norman 2006). The President holds the privilege of veto legislation, lobbying Congress members, veto threats and preparing legislative agendas. To execute his activities, the President has to adopt two strategies from which the first one pertains to dealing with the Congress while the other involves outsider strategy (Smith 2007. Outsider strategy is executed through the Presidents appeal to the public. On the other hand, the Congress also has substantial impact on the Presidents activities. The foremost capabilities of the Congress include rejection of presidents legislations, nominations, and presidential vetoes among which the latter has been a rare event (Wilson 1985). Despite the numerous advantages the President has over the Congress such as use of nuclear weapons, issuing pardons and establishing friendly ties with foreign nations, Congress has the authority over the budget and hence a brief illustration of the budget process can explain the nature of the impact of the 2011 and 2013 congres sional budget. The Congressional Budget is coordinated under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974. The act presents a formal outline for framing certain guidelines for the process of preparing the budget. The President is required to submit the budget proposal for the next fiscal year (Fiorina 1989). Then the Budget Resolution is framed, and alternatives are taken in case of no budget resolution. The Congress prepares the budget plan according to the various sectors of spending otherwise referred to as budget functions and the corresponding revenue to be received by the Congress over a period of five years (Smith et al, 2013). In case there is no Budget Resolution, the Senate and the House decide to substitute budget targets as a replacement of the resolution. Finally, the budget resolution is validated in the House and Senate (Ornstein, Thomas and Michael 2002). The Congress also has the capability to enforce special procedures such as budget reconciliation which is meant for expediting the proces s of compulsory monetary spending and revision of tax laws. The reconciliation process has been used many times during the administration of George W Bush, which increased the predicted deficits due to tax cuts (Fenno 1978). The congressional debate during the summer of 2011 between the President and the US Congress was related to the subject of increasing the debt ceiling. The debt ceiling is the maximum amount of money that the Treasury can borrow (Jacobsen 2004). The Treasury has to seek the permission of the Congress to borrow more money. The observations from the congressional debate facilitate prominent outcomes in terms of clarification on the role of Congress in the federal budget process and the effect of the Congresss authority over the purse on the political as well as administrative scenario of the United States. Reference List Brady, David. 1988. Critical Elections and Congressional Policy Making. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Fenno, Richard. 1978. Home Style: House Members in Their Districts, Boston, CA: Little Brown. Fiorina, Morris. 1989. Congress: Keystone of the Washington Establishment. New Haven. CA: Yale University Press. Jacobsen, Gary C. 2004. The Politics of Congressional Elections, 6th edition, New York, CA: Longman. Mann, Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein. 2006. The Broken Branch: How Congress is Failing America and How to Get Back on Track . New York, CA: Oxford University Press. Ornstein, Norman J., Thomas E. Mann, and Michael Malbin. 2002. Vital Statistics on Congress, 2001-2002. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute Press, 2002. Smith, Steven S. 2007. Party Influence in Congress. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Smith, Steven S, Jason M Roberts, and Ryan J Vander Wielen. 2013.The American Congress. Cambridge University Press - ISBN: 978-1107618244 Wilson, Woodrow. 1985. Congressional Government: A Study in American Politics. Boston, CA: Houghton Mifflin.

The end of the free market

Introduction Having experience in the political and economic fields for many years, Ian Bremmer can be considered to have strong evidence in his extensive research on global economy. In this book, he tries to address the current economic crisis by answering questions such as; can state capitalist compete with free market? Does capitalism still exist or is it going to extinct? Are we still in an economic cold war? His key players are the Men and women who govern Russia, China, Arab, and the United States (Bremmer IV).Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The end of the free market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More About the book In the first half, the writer is devoted to explain what capitalism is. He describes the birth of capitalism as a replacement of fallen communism regimes of China and Russia. He discusses how today this model has become an attractive package to countries such as China, Russia, US, Saudi Ar abia, Algeria, Ukraine, India, and the United Arab Emirates. The second half gives a detailed support and effects of state capitalism on market economies. Although he really convinces the reader that he is not against state capitalism, he actually cautions about it. According to Bremmer, the power in politics controls this type of economy. Instead of formulation of policies that are based on the needs of the people, the decisions are approved and implemented politically. Recommendations Overall, Bremmer’s engagement is excellent. He is clear on his advantages and disadvantages of state capitalism and creates a good understanding of world politics. From a review, the test rating and analysis of this book can be addressed by the following recommendations. The book can be highly recommendable to even persons without knowledge about economies .Ian’s coverage is realistic, simple, broad, lucid, and well judged. The book does not leave behind any unanswered questions on glob alization. Its briefing is excellent and narrates the sequence of events from the rise and fall of communism to the effects of capitalism. According to Bremmer, capitalism is a disguised monster in the free markets whose goal is to have political gain. He argues that the cause of all these selfish gains is globalization that acts as a catalyst to international politics and markets. He notes that capitalization has different forms distinguished by their own interests and the degree of government support. First, he talks about the free market capitalism (Bremmer 13). In this type of economy, involved parties use wealth to build more wealth. The state enables generation of wealth through enacting contracts that are limited to moral weaknesses. In contrast, he talks about the state capitalist economies. This type of regime is dominated by politics and the choice of the principal consumer.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get y our first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Book report With the fall of the soviets in the nineties, political and economic analyst proclaimed victory over communism to create a new free market economy. However, Bremmer admits that no liberation has followed yet. It is just that the system has incanted. Capitalism is not new in the world as admitted by Bremmer and traces its root back to 1896.He references this year from the speech made by Wilhelm Liebknecht, the leader of the social democratic party in Germany. He looks upon the state capitalism as an extremely huge threat to the economy of the United States. This is one point that we can all agree on. Notably, there is a huge similarity between what the writer tries to explain as state capitalism and the history of the US economy. Nevertheless, does it mean the US government grew out of selfishness and greed? Many tend to oppose this but it is what Bremmer is trying to explain. Countries that used state capitalism take up th e larger section of the pie in the global market. Among them are the European Union and the US. According to Bremmers report, they actively applied state capitalism during their development. The approach is a real threat to the global economy since it is really making the extinction of free market policies (Bremmer 54). However, the political greed of these governments has left the citizens of the countries at the mercy of international investors. Bremmer goes ahead to show how wide capitalism is. All that makes it take different forms is the degree of government involvement. Other forms include the free market capitalism, mixed economy, and the social market economy. To expound on his research, Ian points out Adam smith who is the man behind the development of capitalism in the world. According to Adams, in pure capitalism, everyone does what is best for him or her.The government too minds its own business and never enforces laws. He compares it with a football game that has no ref eree or a game with players playing with no specific goal. Adams creates the theory of the ‘invisible hand’ to explain the balancing force in economies. In reference to the theory, the hand is operational. No interference from the government and leaves it to the market to take its own decisions in the free market system. Bremmer sees this as a potential threat not just to his government but also to the world. However, his exceptions to this threat are given for India, China, and Russia (Bremmer 103). However much Bremmer confesses not to be against state capitalism, his opinions about this kind of economy is very negative through out the chapters. He reflects this type of economy as a project whose goal is to have selfish gains. Here the ‘invisible hand’ is the government and takes control of all economic activities and only few returns are made. Bremmer describes it as â€Å"various types of state owned companies are incorporated by the government to mana ge the resources, create, and maintain jobs.†Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on The end of the free market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the secret behind this selection is that the chosen companies are privately owned companies. These privately owned companies dominate the economic sectors. In all the above situations, the state uses markets to deliver wealth to the political officials. Moreover, their mission is not seen as to maximize growth, but to use state crown jewels to maximize power and chances of survival in the leadership positions that they take. We could comment that this book is carefully written in an effort to inform us on the existence of another category of communism that is evolving in the third category. Despite the effects of cold war being experienced 20 years ago, Bremmer still thinks that we are unfortunate when we face the same, but in a manner that very few can fe el or witness. He goes ahead to put down quotes such as the Wen Jiabao quote from a CNN interview. Wen illustrates that â€Å"the formulation of economic policies can only be derived by having a fair and full play to the forces that control the market.† Moreover, government regulation and macroeconomic guidance should act as the key players in resource allocation. On the contrary, the main agenda for most of the state controls is to create political power through exploitation of economic resources. However, do not misjudge the author of this book; his main agenda is not to oppose state capitalism. For instance, he commends China and Russia for presenting their policies in a transparent manner. All that Bremmer wants is simply to show the weaknesses and strengths of this type of economy and its effects on us. He warns on embracing imported elements of the economy saying that capitalism is unique and ought to be governed by the particular resources and needs of the specific cou ntry. The workforce in China is well developed. On the contrary, Russia is rich in natural resource, which gives it an added advantage. The Middle East is really blessed with oil though the country is challenged by demographics. Bremmer has a major concern over China as he continually mentions of its economic status. This book makes sense to China’s economy and the dominance of state capitalism. For instance, it is not until you go over the book that you realize that Exxon Mobil is the 15th in revenues. Top multinationals account for just 3% of reserves and 10% of the global revenue, the rest is driven by the state. The China-US trade has drastically increased from 2.4 billion USD to 400 billion USD in the year 2008 alone. This was the year that China had more than 200 billion dollars in form of investments under the sovereign funds. This is depicted in an interview with China’s finance president, Gao Xiqing. He portrays China and Russia as the leading practitioners ha ving abandoned communism.Advertising Looking for book review on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More He commends China by depicting how powerful it is and capable of controlling the worlds economy. This is because they repaired what was in the state capitalism in accordance with the new era. However, their failure is only in the usage of money. They earn very much on exports compared to the US, but put very little in economic development. Much is returned back to the US in form of purchases of sovereign funds. China would be far much ahead if it focused on economic development rather than investment if they wanted to. However, what would happen to the US if China stopped these investments? Infusion of earnings in exports would lead to inflation, the reason why China has to balance its markets and income. Bremmer gives an example of Greece financial crises. He adds that these China policies were intelligently selected since the purchase of these sovereign wealth funds acts as an economic back up in times of crisis. China does not have to apply for the monetary funds. Diverting from state capitalism is the mercantilism. People tend to confuse this type of economy with state capitalism. However, Bremmer argues that it is completely different from the rest. Their policies tend to rhyme, but what differs is the financial interest. Mercantilism protects its citizens from international exploitation by controlling imports. The interest of this type of economy is to make riches and rule the world. China would be a mercantilist country if it were selfish in sharing its surplus finance with other economies. If all these finances went to the improvement of the economy, China would be today a mercantilist country. However, China does not do that. In spite of being ranked as the top in terms of economic status, it has an average of about 5,000 USD as compared to the US, which has over 40,000 USD in terms of employee salary. It is very ironical for a US citizen to think of living in an economy that resembles state capitalism and that they are putting to an end the free mark et economy. However, this is the major concern of mister Bremmer. As the title suggest, the writer thinks that the free market is ending. In a report revealed by Bremmer in 2005 alone, corporations were the largest forms of economies, taking top 51. The report had General Motor of Denmark taking on the lead and Mitsubishi dominating over in Indonesia. Here comes China with its purchase of sovereign wealth funds and owning corporations in large-numbers. There is the emergence of multinationals, which exploit citizens. The chain continues to a point where a foreign country can own almost up to half of another in terms of investment. This is how easy a state can dominate the whole world and many thought that they were joking when they commented that they were ‘taking over the world.’ The writer completely disagrees with these corporations. His reasons are that they have a hidden agenda, which is greed and ruthlessness. They tend to widen the gap between the poor and the ri ch, drive infant industries into extinction and give room for exploitation by limiting competition. Bremmer talks of immigration and its effects. He comments that this is what has made some of the countries rich. They draw knowledge from American to levels as high as PhD, utilize the American resources, and take back to their countries. However, this idea is not that much convincing because if we took the example of China, US still needs cheap China goods whereas China needs the US for educational resources. What if we have a mixture of state capitalism and free market economy? It can be practically applicable only in situations where private owners own free corporations while the government is in control. The ‘invisible hand’ would balance everything automatically and bring out a balanced economy. Throat competition among countries and corporations would be cut down .Exports and imports would be balanced without any underflow or overflow. This system appears ideal, but may be this is what Bremmer believed and would want to see. Other recommendations that Bremmer gives are; be friendly to foreign workers, choose the right fights, keep markets open, and investment in hard power. Conclusion In conclusion, we can say that this book is a professional guidebook that leaves the reader informed about real economic facts. The writer presents a wide history on capitalism and its influence on the free market, offering examples from different regimes in the world. His chapters are supported by strong evidence revealing the negativity of regulated free markets in the name of state capitalism. There are also clear economic procedures and solutions in which the United States can live in harmony with the rest of the world and still defend its future competitive advantage. However, it is important to recommend capitalism because this has been the root of development in most countries. This just how brief the book is though not very exciting to read, one can easil y connect ideas. Works Cited Bremmer Ian. The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations? New York, NY: Penguin Books Limited, 2011. Print. This book review on The end of the free market was written and submitted by user Layla Russo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critically analyse and apply the theory underpinning one intervention with a dually diagnosed client. Contrasting this intervention with other techniques. The WritePass Journal

Critically analyse and apply the theory underpinning one intervention with a dually diagnosed client. Contrasting this intervention with other techniques. Conclusion Critically analyse and apply the theory underpinning one intervention with a dually diagnosed client. Contrasting this intervention with other techniques. IntroductionAn introduction to C-Bit Achievable Goal setting Behavioural ExperimentsEstablishing supportive social networksLimitations of its useAlternative approachesMotivational interviewingConclusionRelated Introduction Dual diagnosis has been described as one of the most significant problems facing the health services (Phillips et al 2010). The term was first used in America in the 1980s and in its most basic elements describes someone who has a combination of a mental illness and substance misuse problem.   Dually diagnosed patients are often frequent users of emergency services and of in-patient care (Bartels et al 1993). There is also a much higher rate of offending and imprisonment amongst this group (Yesavage and Zarcone 1983 cited in Menezes et al (1996). Yesvage and Zarcone cited in Menezes (1996) believe that alcohol and drug misuse interact with the symptoms of psychotic illness to produce a more severe acute illness.   Due to the complication of treatment approach recovery is often slower than a psychotic episode uncomplicated by substance abuse.   This places a great burden on resources and staff (Drake et al 1993), which is corroborated by the London survey   (Menezes et al 1996 ) discovering on average that this group of patients spends almost twice as much time in hospital than those without a substance misuse problem. Clients with the most severe psychiatric disorders tend to have the highest rates of co-occurring substance use disorders (Drake 2007). It has been well documented that the co-existence of severe mental health and substance misuse problems are common (Regier et al 1990; Krausz et al 1996; Menezes et al 1996 cited in Graham 2003). Prevalence figures vary across studies however the latest study by Weldon and Ritchie (2010) estimate the lifetime prevalence rate of substance abuse amongst persons with severe mental illness at 50%, which is 4.6 times higher than that of the general population (Blanchard et al 2000). One of the challenges of mental health providers is how best to meet the needs of this group of clients (Graham 2003). The most recent government guidance is one of integrated treatment whereby the treatment for drug and alcohol problems are provided primarily within mental health services, integrating this with the treatment of mental health problems   (DoH 2002). This is to be provided by one team and involves a flexible combination of treatments targeting the specific needs of those diagnosed with co-morbid severe mental illness and substance misuse (Horsfall 2009). Researchers and clinicians have developed a number of interventions that combine, or integrate mental health and substance abuse interventions (Drake et al 2007). An example of one element of   integrated treatment is Cognitive- Behavioural Integrated Treatment (Graham and Carnwath 2004). C-bit incorporates an integrated approach with personalised formulation to deliver improved treatment outcomes to dual diagnosis patients. The focus of this essay will be on the use of C-bit (Graham and Carnwath 2004) and its application with a client who has been has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and alcohol problems. For the purpose of this essay and confidentiality his name has been changed to David. C-bit can be split into 4 distinct phases, Engagement and Building motivation, Negotiating some behaviour change, Early relapse prevention Relapse management. The essay will concentrate on negotiating behavioural change and what this entails. The author will then compare its effectiveness with an alternative approach. An introduction to C-Bit Hermine Graham (2004) describes C-bit as a psychological multi-purpose tool designed specifically for people with both a mental illness and a problematic substance misuse.   It was developed from CBT which had a strong evidence base for mental health (Grant et al 2004) and substance use problems (Conrod and Stewart 2005).   The evidence base of CBIT in dual diagnosis remains poor as studies have tended to focus on engagement and building motivation as appose to the maintenance of change that CBIT encompasses (Callaghan and Jones 2010). However early studies would suggest that the skilful use of analysis, disputing cognitions and homework assignments improve the skills required to promote abstinence including self-efficacy in finding, establishing and maintaining appropriate support networks (Rassool 2002). CBIT follows the cognitive model and treatment approach (Graham 1998, 2003). A clients beliefs about substance misuse are often linked to their own experience of mental health problems. David would often say in therapy that the side effects of his anti-psychotic medication made him feel over sedated and this had a knock on effect in social situations. He found that alcohol improved this and allowed him to integrate better in social situations. By continuing to use alcohol it was maintaining a negative maintenance cycle. Graham (2004) identifies three key aims of CBIT with dual diagnosis patients. The first concentrates on client and therapist identifying and challenging unrealistic beliefs about substance misuse and substituting them with alternatives that aim to break negative maintenance cycles. The second facilitates an understanding of the link between substance misuse and mental health problems and thirdly CBIT aims to give the client the ability to self-manage substance misuse and recognise the early signs of relapse.   Although there are 4 distinct steps in treatment approach the flexibility of the treatment means a client does not need to progress through them all. The harm reduction philosophy that underpins the intervention (Heather et al 1993) puts more emphasis on a client setting more realistic goals and achieving these. Although flexibility is a key asset of CBIT it would be wrong to assume there was no structure to therapy sessions. In later sessions especially, before commencing a session client and therapist must set an agenda to discuss which ensures key areas are discussed (Graham 2004). In practice, teams trained in the use of CBIT tend to use the general principle of the approach rather than the distinct components or techniques (Graham et al 2006). The author believes this shows the flexibility of the therapy and therapists and clients find what proves useful to them . Graham et al (2006) also discovered that when trained members of the team used various assets of CBIT, engagement increased, alcohol intake was reduced and a reduction in alcohol-related beliefs. The study however noticed similar findings when the client had been seen by teams that had not yet received CBIT training suggesting that CBIT alone was not responsible for the change in behaviour and belief. However, qualitative information recorded from the teams’ staff suggested that treatment integration increased over the course of the study, and that CBIT was a useful tool for integrating planning substance misuse treatment. Qualitative information from the team managers suggested that CBIT tr aining improved the ability of teams to address substance use by themselves, rather than avoiding substance issues referring clients to specialists. Achievable Goal setting Following treatment phase one the client will be able to identify some of the negative effects of substance misuse. David could recognise the negative effect that alcohol use had on his ability to find any form of employment and how he had no real supportive social network besides ‘drinking companions’. Graham (2004) highlights that in treatment phase two it is probably too early for a client to consider complete abstinence. David was beginning to make links with the amount he drank and the negative effects he was having. Due to this he negotiated with the therapist that he would reduce his alcohol input by stopping all spirits but remaining on his strong lager. This follows the harm reduction philosophy that there are several levels in which change can occur that would reduce the negative impact it causes to the client. David identified his long-term goal as eventually getting some form of employment. Following treatment phase one David was able to see the impact excess ive impact alcohol was having on his ability to make appointments on time (if at all), and how this would have a negative effect on any chance of employment. Graham (2004) suggests that for a client to get to this long-term goal a series of short term harm reducing steps need to be identified by the client in therapy that will in-turn have a positive impact upon his life. David had already agreed to stop drinking spirits but further steps included reducing contact with fellow drinkers, attending all appointments on time, getting his body back into a work routine. These steps would move David closer to the eventual long term goal and give him the belief that this was achievable. The therapist found that the use of the recovery star was a useful tool with aiding the client identify and plan how to achieve these goals. The recovery star helps both client and therapist measure change and visually see progress made. At times when David struggled to achieve goals it provided an opportunit y for discussion on how to change the approach. David found the tool useful in between sessions where he could refer back to past successes to give him the confidence to continue.   On reflective sessions what proved important for David was to identify and discuss possible obstacles that he may experience in trying to achieve his goals and to recognise that if things do not go as planned it should not be automatically assumed to be a failure. Simmons and Griffith (2009) believe that there is never a failure but an opportunity to learn and do things differently. Behavioural Experiments By treatment phase two of CBIT the client will have identified an unhelpful thought, the nature of which will be maintaining a negative maintenance cycle. David had begun to plan harm reduction goals to reduce the negative aspects of his substance misuse however there was clearly some situations he was avoiding, and some underlying maladaptive thoughts there were perpetuating his problems. To address this the therapist and David discussed and designed a Behavioural Experiment. Beck (1995) believes that BEs   strengthen an intellectual belief by helping the client test out alternative beliefs and thoughts in practice in order to gain evidence to discover the validity of a belief . Beck (1979) believed through altering behaviour a cognitive change occurs. BEs are significant as a means of explicitly targeting belief change through experience and as such offer prime opportunities for sustained therapeutic change (Padesky 2004). David held the belief that if he did not drink alcohol he would appear boring and no-one would have any time for him. For this reason when David was going to be in the company of anyone he would drink excessively, therefore getting intoxicated became a safety behaviour.   By allowing a client to see what will happen if they drop safety behaviour and then testing out what actually happens in that situation proves to be a powerful challenge to unhelpful assumptions (Whitfield and Davidson 2007).   Sloan and Telch (2002) support this view adding that experiments target safety behaviours result in significantly greater changes than exposure alone. Safety behaviour may seem helpful and protective to a client but can lead to maintenance cycles of maladaptive processes perpetuating the initial belief. If a threat is not disconfirmed the maladaptive cognition continues (Salkovskis 1991, Sloan and Telch 2000, Clark 1989, Salkovski et al 1998). The notion of experimentation, derived from scientific principles, can be applied to the patient†™s experience of the therapeutic process and it is this active experience which can be so meaningful; the validity of a new cognition being generally more memorable when followed through from conceptualisation to active experience (Westbrook 2007). Once the evidence contradicts the initial belief it allows the client and therapist to explore the validity of new more adaptive beliefs (Westbrook et al 2007). David and the therapist designed an experiment in which he would limit his alcohol approach and would then engage in general conversation in his local pub. Initial experiments gave David the confidence to build on further experiment supporting the work of Bennett-levy (2004) who believe early experiments increase confidence and independence BEs can be active, where the patient takes the lead role in either real or simulated situations to test the validity of thoughts, or observational, where data is gathered. Lewin and Kolb propose a learning cycle in which it suggests that for learning and retention to be enhanced the client must build upon knowledge and understanding gained through the experiment which in turn forms a foundation for the next step of the experiment. (Lewin 1946; Kolb 1984). The five key aspects of this learning cycle, Experience, Observation, Reflection, Planning and then further experiment underpins BE work. Establishing supportive social networks In the field of substance misuse social factors are seen as important in the onset, aetiology and maintenance of substance misuse (Graham 2004). David recognised that as his alcohol intake increased the friends he associated with were also using alcohol regularly. This supports the work of Drake (2004) who identified that clients with both severe mental health problems and substance misuse problems would have social networks of solely fellow substance users. David felt increasingly isolated from anyone outside of this network as his behaviour would draw attention towards himself. Trumbetta et al (1999) suggest that for anyone to make changes in substance misuse they need to reduce contact with such peers. Healthier networks need to be formed which provide positive support where there is excessive substance misuse is not the norm (Drake 1993a). David identified his sister as someone who was willing to and who he would like as a supportive person away from mental health services. In cr isis David could contact his sister who could give him some level of support. Graham (2004) emphasises the importance of working closely with family members as they often know very little about dual diagnosis problems. David was only close with his sister. The rest of his family had isolated him due to his substance misuse. Ideally psycho-education information is often given in the group setting as family members may benefit from the experience and support of fellow members (Graham 2004). David’s sister became a key figure in David’s recovery and was encouraged to attend sessions on psycoeducation so she could best understand the problems associated with dual diagnosis clients and how best she could support David. Limitations of its use Prochaska and DiClemente (1992) recognised certain barriers to treatment for dual diagnosis patients in regards to therapeutic engagement, treatment continuance and goal setting. In the case of CBIT it makes assumptions of a certain level of coping skills and ability to facilitate cognitive change. Symptoms of schizophrenia can inhibit a client’s impetus to change behaviour (Horsfall et al 2009). Negative symptoms which have a negative effect on motivation and energy affects individuals internal drive to initiate the complex behavioural routines needed for abstinence (Ballack and DiClemente 1999). An integrated treatment approach incorporating CBIT does not make dramatic changes in the short term, it is a long term therapy. Evidence based studies are always plagued by attrition rates as clients relapse or do not return to the study. This may suggest that CBIT may suffer from the same poor treatment compliance/attendance. For clients who complete a full programme of treatment 1 0-20 per cent achieves a stable remission of their substance use problems per year (Graham 2004). This seems a low figure for the intensive input required on the part of the therapist and client. Bellack and Gearon (1998) believe the therapist must become tolerant of this client group dropping in and out of therapy and abstaining then relapsing. David’s attendance was at times sporadic but the therapist never criticised him for this but used it as a platform for discussing problems experienced through the week. Drake et al (2001) suggests the importance of assertive outreach teams in retaining clients within programmes. Hellerstein et al (1995) cited in Philips et al (2010) highlight that without this input dropout rates may be high, especially amongst those identified as having difficulties participating in treatment. Alternative approaches The evidence base for dual diagnosis is still in its infancy.   Those studies completed have limited generalisation due to methodological issues such as heterogeneous samples, equivocal descriptions of treatment components and high attrition rates (Weldon and Richie 2010). Horsfall et al (2009) recognises that due to a lack of longitudinal studies long term outcomes have yet to be determined. It also proves difficult to compare C-Bit with alternative interventions as C-Bit is not used in a vacuum it is often used in conjunction with other therapies such as pharmaceuticals of motivational interviewing. Kemp et al (2007) found a significant improvement in substance use in dual diagnosis patients when CBT and MI principle were combined. For the purpose of this essay the author will briefly look at one main alternative approach to dual diagnosis, that of motivational interviewing. Motivational interviewing Treasure (2004) describes MI as a patient centred counselling approach that facilitates the patient in resolve and explore ambivalence about behaviour change. The theory of MI centres on the cycle of change and its six components,   precontemplation, contemplation, decision, action, maintenance of change and relapse. Miller and Rollnick (1994) describes motivation as something that one does as appose to something that one has. Empathy is vital in the therapeutic relationship and the use of MI. If the client believes the therapist has no appreciation of their experience they are likely to dis-engage or not fully commit to therapy. Rassool (2002) believes active listening also has an important role in MI. Reflecting back to the client their thoughts, fears, hopes and doubts give a feeling of genuineness, trust and empathy. In MI it is important not to offer advice , give judgement or attempt to question. The reason for behavioural change should be acknowledged and stated by the clien t. MI proves an effective therapy in dual diagnosis if delivered effectively. The therapist needs to avoid confrontation as this will lead to client denial, the role of the therapist as expert proves counter-productive and structured answer formats will inhibit the client in recognising the effects of their substance misuse. Motivational styles that guide a client in discovering alternative ways of thinking about their problems results in positive change (Miller and Rollnick 1991). By combining elements of style and technique MI has proven successful in dual diagnosis patients and has a developing evidence base. It proves difficult to contrast MI with CBIT as both complement each other so well and have similar approaches. Both are based on a collaborative relationship with clients, both incorporate a non-judgemental approach and both are approaches are built on empathy, warmth, trust and positive regard (Rogers, 1991). Both approaches also incorporate socratic questioning techniques encouraging the client to discover alternative meanings of their experience (Padesky and Greenberger 1995). One of the key differences is when it is best to use either technique. Those following a transtheoretical model of change may use MI when the client remains undecided about change in the precontemplation and contemplation stage whereas CBIT can be adopted when the client is more committed to change (Treasure 2004). This would support the work of Drake et al (2001) who after studying the work of a number of researchers believe that to enhance attendance and utilisation of treatment motivation interventions a re important. Conclusion    The research on the impact of CBIT as a therapeutic intervention is still in its infancy. Some anecdotal evidence would suggest it provides the skills necessary to promote abstinence (Rassool 2002). Qualitative information gained from Grahams (2006) study suggests CBIT proved a useful tool for integrating and planning substance misuse. Due to the complex nature of dual diagnosis it seems unlikely that a single intervention will have the desired effect of meeting all the clients’ needs. Kemp (2007) supports this finding an improvement in substance misuse when MI and CBIT were combined. Due to this there has been a shift towards the integration of interventions delivered by mainstream mental health services (DOH 2002, 2006;Rassool 2002; Ziedonis et al. 2005). Some of the strongest treatment effects have come from combining a number of approaches (Barrowclough et al 2001).

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Reading response - Essay Example The white race is protected from pollution and other environmental problems more than any other race particularly on issues such as siting the waste facilities and degree of penalties. The government’s style of cleaning up waste also favored only the white people since they were given priority. It is unfortunate to note that even the administration which should protect its people also discriminated them against race (Cole & Sheila 58-65). According to the authors, some of the reasons attributed to unequal distribution of environmental risks are the current social practices and structures. The article reveals that the individual lifestyle is one of the causes of environmental risks. The minority groups are said to be residing around areas where there are high environmental exposures such as where there are contaminated fish and heavy industries (Cole & Sheila 64-69). I agree with the authors that a good number of minority groups is poor thus forcing them to reside in poor urban areas. The poverty nature of the minority groups also deters them from accessing better medical facilities. However, the government should put measures to avoid such kind of unequal distribution of environmental risks such as offering better housing, employment and health care to all (Cole & Sheila 63-72). Some of the intentions or conducts by the government such as discrimination are based on racism although the judiciary may want further evidence on this. It may be hard to prove racism in the court but the fact that environmental risks are common amongst minority group is enough evidence. The article claims that perhaps the challenge of environmental exposure may be influenced by unequal distribution of the siting process (Westra & Bill 95-105). According to the authors, the minority groups segregated themselves in places that made the government to marginalize them and pay less attention to them. This was also

Research Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Design - Essay Example The issues with designing research problems, methods and studies can be put into a few categories: Choice of experiment design such as the usage of qualitative or quantitative data, the nature of the hypothesis at question, moral and ethical concerns, countering for bias and experimental error, and designing models that allow factors such as causation to be confidently discussed. Creswell argues that variables should be defined in three categories: Independent, dependent and control (2009, 151). Independent variables are those that the researcher can control, dependent variables are ones that the researcher expects to be changed, â€Å"dependent† on the independent variable. It's important to note that, when research examines correlations about data, the choice of the independent and dependent variable can become arbitrary: A causal model has to be established by more than just declaring which is independent and which is dependent. If I am saying that height and weight are cor related, I can have height be the independent variable that leads to changes in the dependent variable of weight or I can do it vice versa: The results and the correlations will be identical. Where the independent and dependent variable matters are for experiments or for situations where causality can be argued due to a complex model. In the case of an experiment, the independent variable is what is being administered and the dependent variable what is being observed. In this case, it is impossible to swap them: Offering people medication and seeing if it cures their migraines with a placebo study is rather different from offering people migraines and seeing if it produces a cure. Control variables are, in any complex model, by far the most important. This is because the only way to control for spuriousness is to control for all possible confounding variables. There is undoubtedly a correlation between the amount of homeless people and the amount of doctors in a city, but neither ca use the other: The city's size controls for both. Experimental designs control by making sure groups are identical, whereas data analysis controls by making sure that data points are compared that are identical in every way aside from the difference being analysed. A simple study that makes a correlation between education and eventual income has to control for, among other factors, race, socioeconomic status of parents, wealth of social networks, perceived quality of college, actual quality of college, gender, sexual orientation and dozens of other factors to be clearly meaningful. The design of the study must also be determined to be quantitative, qualitative or mixed. Creswell (2009) defines qualitative procedures as â€Å"rely[ing] on text and image data† and argues that qualitative procedures are ones that cannot be easily enumerated. Note that asking someone, â€Å"How does this make you feel?† and writing down their response is qualitative while asking â€Å"How does this make you feel, from 1 to 9, one being worst and nine being best†, is quantitative even though both are asking about the same phenomenon,

Les Misérables Essay Example for Free

Les Misà ©rables Essay Victor Hugo – Les Miserables BACKGROUND : Victor Marie Hugo was the son of a general in Napoleon’s army, and much of his childhood was therefore spent amid the backdrop of Napoleon’s campaigns in Spain and in Italy. The first three years of his life were spent in Elba, where he learnt to speak the Italian dialect spoken in the island in addition to his mother tongue. Victor got a little education in a small school. At the age of eleven, Hugo returned to live with his mother in Paris, where he got a little education in a small and where he also became infatuated with books and literature. By the time he was fifteen, he had already submitted one poem to a contest sponsored by the prestigious French Academy. There he learnt much from an old soldier, General Lahorie, who, obnoxious to Napoleon for the share he had taken in Moreaus plot, lived secretly in the house, and from an old priest named Lariviere, who came every day to teach Victor and his two brothers. In 1815, at the age of thirteen, he was sent to a boarding school to prepare for the Ecole Polytechnique. But he devoted himself, even at school, to verse-writing with greater ardour than to study. He wrote in early youth more than one poem for a prize competition, composed a romance which some years later he elaborated into the story Bug Jargal, and in 1820, when only eighteen, joined his two brothers, Abel and Eugene, in publishing a literary journal called Le Conservateur Litteraire. Hugo published his first novel the year following his marriage (Han dIslande, 1823) and his second three years later (Bug-Jargal, 1826). By the end of 1822 Victor Hugo was fully launched on a literary career, and for twenty years or more the story of his life is mainly the story of his literary output. Because of his successful drama Cormwell, the preface to which, with its note of defiance to literary convention, caused him to be definitely accepted as the head of the Romantic School of poetry. The revolution of 1830 disturbed for a moment his literary activity, but as soon as things were quiet again he shut himself in his study with a bottle of ink, a pen, and an immense pile of paper. For six weeks he was never seen, except at dinner-time, and the result was : The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831). During the next ten years four volumes of poetry and four dramas were published in 1841 came his election to the Academy, and in 1843 he published Les Burgraves, a drama which was less successful than his former plays, and which marks the close of his career as a dramatist. In the same year there came to him the greatest sorrow of his life. His most famous poem was ‘Demain, des l’aube’ in which he describes the crucial moment where he visits his daughters grave. As Hugo grew older, his politics became increasingly leftist, and he was forced to flee France in 1851 because of his opposition to the monarch Louis Napoleon. Hugo remained in exile until 1870, when he returned to his home country as a national hero. He continued to write until his death in 1885. He was buried with every conceivable honor in one of the grandest funerals in modern French history. The Book – Les Miserable : Hugo began writing Les Miserables twenty years before its eventual publication in 1862. His goals in writing the novel were as lofty as the reputation it has subsequently acquired; Les Miserables is primarily a great humanitarian work that encourages compassion and hope in the face of adversity and injustice. It is also, however, a historical novel of great scope and analysis, and it provides a detailed vision of nineteenth-century French politics and society. By coupling his story of redemption with a meticulous documentation of the injustices of France’s recent past, Hugo hoped Les Miserables would encourage a more progressive and democratic future. Driven by his commitment to reform and progress, Hugo wrote Les Miserables with nothing less than a literary and political revolution in mind. Les Miserables employs Hugo’s style of imaginative realism and is set in an artificially created human hell that emphasizes the three major predicaments of the nineteenth century. Each of the three major characters in the novel symbolizes one of these predicaments: Jean Valjean represents the degradation of man in the proletariat, Fantine represents the subjection of women through hunger, and Cosette represents the atrophy of the child by darkness. In part, the novel’s fame has endured because Hugo successfully created characters that serve as symbols of larger problems without being flat devices.